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Friday, September 25, 2015

WALDEYER´S RING / ANILLO DE WALDEYER /

Amígdalas y tonsilectomía

Otros nombres: Anginas 
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Introducción

Las amígdalas y las adenoides son parte del sistema linfático. Las amígdalas están en la parte de atrás de la garganta y las adenoides un poco más arriba, detrás de la nariz. Ambas ayudan a protegerlo contra las infecciones al atrapar los gérmenes que pasan a través de la boca y la nariz.
Algunas veces, las amígdalas y las adenoides se infectan. La amigdalitis provoca dolor de garganta e inflamación en las amígdalas. Las adenoides inflamadas pueden ser dolorosas, dificultar la respiración y causar problemas en los oídos.
El primer tratamiento para la infección de las amígdalas y las adenoides son los antibióticos. Si las infecciones son frecuentes o tiene dificultades para respirar, es posible que necesite una cirugía. La cirugía para extirpar las amígdalas se denomina amigdalectomía. La cirugía para extraer las adenoides es una adenoidectomía.

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U.S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health
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alergologos, neumonologos, inmunologos, pediatras



 
 
 

neumonologos

SANIDAD Y SALUD - CARACAS 

carlos e mijares, md.certified usa.pediatra-alergólogo-inmunólogo-neumonólogo. allergies, asthma & immunology, pediatrics. university of kansas. school of medicine. hospital headquarters: c.a. centro médico de caracas.san bernardino. caracas 1010. venezuela. web: www.centromedicodecaracas.com.ve phones: +58 212 555.9379 / 550.5238 / 555.9522 / +58 412-393.2265 / 416-408.4342 sanidad y salud caracas

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Thursday, September 24, 2015

AMIGDALAS Y ADENOIDES O ANILLO DE WALDEYER



jueves, 24 de septiembre de 2015

Amígdalas y tonsilectomía: MedlinePlus en español

Amígdalas y tonsilectomía: MedlinePlus en español AMIGDALAS Y ADENOIDES SON ORGANOS LINFATICOS, protectores de los niños. Las amigdalas postlinguales y y el Anillo de Waldeyer (Waldeyer´s ring) . The ring of tonsillar (lymphatic) tissue which encircles the nasopharynx and oropharynx. Consists of the two palatine tonsils, lingual and pharyngeal tonsils.
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Wednesday, September 23, 2015

IMMUNOGLOBULIN E MEDIATED FOOD ALLERGY


























   

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Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Location S
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Publish Date: 09/22/15
Media Contact: Nick Miller, 513-803-6035
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Cell Type May Help Explain Why Some People Have Dangerous Food Allergies

CINCINNATI--Researchers have discovered a new cell type that appears to drive life-threatening food allergies and may help explain why some people get severe allergic reactions and others do not.

Reporting their study data Sept. 22, 2015, in the journal Immunity, scientists at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center say their findings in mice should also provide insights into new therapeutic strategies and diagnostics for food allergies and anaphylactic shock triggered by the immune antibody IgE (immunoglobulin E).

The authors report discovery of what they call "IL-9-producing mucosal mast cells" or (MMC9 cells). The cells produce large amounts of an inflammatory immune protein called interlukin 9 (IL-9), which amplifies anaphylactic shock in response to ingested food. Prior to this study, the primary cellular source of IL-9 was unknown, according to the authors.  

"Our study suggests that although you need to have some level of IgE to trigger a food allergy response, you also have to produce MMC9 cells to get a severe response and anaphylaxis," says Yui-Hsi Wang, PhD, lead investigator, a researcher in the Division of Allergy and Immunology at Cincinnati Children's and an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. "Without these cells you will not get severe food allergies."

Set off by certain foods like peanuts, shell fish and a host of others, IgE-associated food sensitivity prompts the immune systems of some children to surge out of control. Unless there is immediate medical intervention, this can trigger a molecular chain reaction in the intestines and other organs – leading to diarrhea, hypothermia, respiratory distress and shock.

About 40 percent of children have some IgE-associated food sensitivity, but only 8 percent of the 40 percent develop the severe food reactions that can lead to anaphylactic shock, according to Wang.

"Unfortunately the best medical intervention for these allergies remains avoiding the foods that cause them," he said. "We don't know why some patients develop such a strong response and why some don't. This is where we as basic scientists are coming in to see if we can use mouse models to learn this, because mice are very much like humans."

Wang and his colleagues suspect that some people are wired genetically to have higher or lower susceptibility to severe IgE-related allergic reactions. Still, it also remains unknown exactly how genetics contributes to these molecular chain reactions.

Just as people with food allergies have different degrees of susceptibility, so do mice. To account for this, the researchers conducted their study in several distinct strains of genetically bred mice. They gave the mice an egg white protein called ovalbumin to trigger allergic reactions and study biological reactions in the animals.

They observed that after allergic sensitization, some mouse strains generated large populations of MMC9 cells while other strains did not. Mice that did not produce MMC9 cells exhibited only minor allergic responses. Mice that produced intestinal MMC9 cells all had severe allergic reactions, regardless of whether they had low or high levels of IgE.

Wang and his colleagues report that production of MMC9 cells required the presence of type-2 CD4+ T helper immune cells and the proteins interlukin-4 and STAT6. By producing significant amounts of IL-9, the MMC9 cells caused mastocytosis and the production of mast cells, which may migrate out of the intestines to other organs as they secrete histamines and other molecules that cause anaphylaxis.

To verify that MMC9 cells were fueling severe allergic reactions in the mice, the researchers treated the mice with an antibody, which eliminated the cells and decreased food allergy symptoms. When MMC9 cells were transferred back into the same mice, the animals resumed exhibiting food allergy symptoms.

Researchers next conducted tests to see if their identification of MMC9 cells was relevant to the development of human food allergies. Analyzing small intestine biopsy samples from food allergy patients (who gave authorized consent) the scientists looked for molecular signatures of MMC9 cells. They found significantly increased expression of the Il9 genetic transcript and other related transcripts in the samples of food allergy patients, suggesting a possible connection.

Wang said the researchers are now trying to find the human equivalent (orthologue) of the MMC9 cells they found in their mouse models. One goal the researchers have is to identify that cell and its biological mediators to see if it possible to develop a biomarker that might allow development of a blood test for food allergies. Eventually, Wang said, the team wants to develop a blood test that would allow clinicians to determine which patients are at higher risk for severe food allergies, and to find improved treatments for food allergy.

Also working with Wang on the study were co-first authors and Cincinnati Children's colleagues Chun-Yu Chen, PhD and Jee-Boong Lee, PhD the Division of Allergy and Immunology.

Funding support for the study came from, the National Institutes of Health (AI090129-1, A1073553), the Digestive Health Center Pilot and Feasibility Award (P30 DK078392), the Campaign Urging Research for Eosinophilic Diseases (CURED) Foundation, the Buckeye Foundation and the Food Allergy Research Education Fund.
 
 
According to these findings and others, that is why I encourage the Medical Practice to perform an Immunoglobulin E, Test in Blood, before any other Allergy Testing.
 
for comments: Carlos E Mijares, MD, www.carlosmixares@gmail.com
www.centromedicodecaracas.com.ve


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